Hide Press Release 2 Less Words Anika König. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection ICSI where sperm is manually injected into the egg cell. This procedure is predominantly used to overcome male infertility. Source: Pixabay CC0 1. What makes commercial that is, paid gestational surrogacy so special and also subject to wide criticism is that the surrogate mother is neither related to the embryo, since the egg cell comes from the future social mother or a donor, nor intends to keep the baby but agrees to give it away in exchange for money. On local and many national levels, surrogacy is a highly contested reproductive technology regarding moral regimes, political contexts and legal conditions. At the same time, it is also dependent on and takes place in transnational networks within which technologies, gametes, people, money, knowledge, and information circulate. Both local conditions and transnational networks of surrogacy influence and in some respects also generate one another. The intersection of the local and global conditions of surrogacy and the connections and frictions that emerge in this context are the subject of this blog piece. But in contrast to many critics of surrogacy, I argue that a legal permission of surrogacy would contribute to the protection of surrogates and a better quality of medical and other services. In my opinion, it is the ban of surrogacy that opens a space for unethical practices and the incapacitation of surrogates. This text is based on Forum Gay Surroagte Incubator research with intended parents from the German-speaking region — mainly Germany and the German-speaking part of Switzerland — who plan, are currently in the process of, or have in the past commissioned a surrogacy more on the research here. The project is a multi-sited ethnography Marcus that takes the intended parents as a starting point and follows them across the globe to where their surrogacy takes place and to where their agencies, clinics, and lawyers are located. All intended parents who participate in this project have chosen to commission a surrogacy abroad due to the local conditions in their home countries. This mainly concerns legal restrictions, but also involves morally loaded public discourses. In both countries, the public is highly critical of surrogacy and the practice is regarded in primarily negative ways. Another camp of critics focuses on the exploitation of women, particularly surrogates and egg donors, who are understood as compelled to sell their bodies and reproductive capacities due to financial distress. In their opinion, people who suffer from infertility or constellations of intended parents such as gay couples or single parents should accept their fate and either adopt a child or remain childless. There are many more points of criticism, but these four issues are at the center of public discourses and frequently overlap. Surrogacy is perceived as a threat to traditional family values and institutions, and as immeasurably capitalistic. This moral regime is mirrored in the respective political approaches to surrogacy and the legal regulations that are derived from them. It is true that some individual politicians argue in favour of the practice. However, the majority of politicians from all party backgrounds in both Germany and Switzerland strongly reject the practice. One example from Germany is Hubert Hüppe, a Member of Parliament from the conservative Christian Democratic Party whose work focuses on bioethics and disability. He argues that surrogacy is a form of human trafficking, criticizes the commodification of children, and maintains that due to the medical procedures that are often involved e. Interestingly, at the other end of the political spectrum, the Left Party equally condemns surrogacy. For example, the queer working group of the Left Party rejects surrogacy on the basis that it is against the Embryo Protection Act Die Linke queer Hamburg All in all, there is a clear consensus among the majority of politicians in both countries not to abolish the current prohibition of surrogacy. Consequently, both the moral regimes and political conditions in these two countries inform their laws on reproductive technologies which are amongst the most restrictive worldwide. They do not permit ova donation, the creation and subsequent implantation of an embryo into a woman who is genetically not related to the embryo [1] i. Moreover, the brokering of surrogacy by agencies is equally prohibited. Medical professionals risk losing their licences if they perform these procedures and, like agencies, may be subjected to high monetary fines and possibly even imprisonment. Since many gestational surrogacies involve ova donations and all require in-vitro fertilization with the goal of implanting the embryo into another woman, and since advertising or using an agency to find a surrogate is a necessary step in the process of commissioning a surrogacy, the procedure is not performed in Germany and Switzerland. However, neither commissioning a surrogacy, nor acting as a gestational surrogate, are punishable. Pregnant woman with ultrasound image of baby. Source: Pexels CC0 1. Both in Germany Forum Gay Surroagte Incubator Switzerland the legal restrictions regarding assisted reproductive technologies have led many people to travel abroad for reproductive treatment. In medical anthropology and neighbouring disciplines there has been some discussion about the terminology describing this process. Against the background of transnationally diverging legal and ethical-moral frameworks as well as greatly differing costs, certain geographic places tend to become the locations of certain medical specialties Andrade Neves ; Kangas This can also be said about surrogacy. In these specialized locations, agencies, Forum Gay Surroagte Incubator, and related businesses thrive Forum Gay Surroagte Incubator advertise widely to attract more prospective customers. California is one of the reproductive hubs with a particular focus on surrogacy. Copyright Anika König. However, traveling to these hubs is not open to everyone and financial resources further determine which destinations are affordable to whom Roberts But these differences in pricing also mirror differences in many other aspects, ranging from the quality of medical services to the quality of agency services, the reasons why surrogates decide to carry a child for someone else, anonymity versus so-called open programmes, where surrogates and intended parents meet and get to know one another, and so on.
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Embryos on the Move: Transnational Networks of Surrogacy – Medizinethnologie Vielleicht der einfluss-. Innovations in research and implications for practice, Hg. Abbie E. Gold- berg und Katherine R. Allen, 71– Wie, unter welchen Umständen und mit wessen Beteiligung es zu einer Schwan- gerschaft kommt, ist ein beliebtes Sujet der Literatur. Gay men and surrogacy. In LGBT-parent families. Research: Publications - Institute of GeographyOberlack, Christoph Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 8 Elsevier By: Lotte Rose. The right of the strongest? Non-compliance and non-enforcement: An unexpected outcome of flexible soft densification policy in the Netherlands. Morisson, Arnault ; Petridou, Evangelia
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Vielleicht der einfluss-. Gay men and surrogacy. forums should be handled with reasonable care, the out- comes show clearly: Users of forums for sex workers' clients are continuously. Innovations in research and implications for practice, Hg. Abbie E. Gold- berg und Katherine R. Allen, 71– Wie, unter welchen Umständen und mit wessen Beteiligung es zu einer Schwan- gerschaft kommt, ist ein beliebtes Sujet der Literatur. In LGBT-parent families. The Julia Stoschek Foundation is excited to present LYNN HERSHMAN LEESON: ARE OUR EYES TARGETS?, the first solo exhibition by the renowned artist and media.A Simple Method to Assess Key Soil Hydraulic Properties. By: Andreas Bernard. In: Geographie-Werkstatt Natural hazard and earth system science, 23 8 , pp. Hydrology and earth system sciences, 28 4 , pp. Case studies for year Submitted. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 50 3 , p. Owuor, Margaret ; Santos, Thuareag M. Environmental versus phylogenetic controls on leaf nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in vascular plants. Weather persistence on sub-seasonal to seasonal timescales: a methodological review EGUsphere. Archetypes of remnant West African forest patches, their main characteristics and geographical distribution. How does co-creation influence healthcare regulations? Feldmann, Monika ; Rotunno, Richard ; Germann, Urs ; Berne, Alexis In: Nehrlich, Thomas ; Strobl, Michael eds. Tian, Di ; Yan, Zhengbing ; Schmid, Bernhard ; Kattge, Jens ; Fang, Jingyun ; Stocker, Benjamin D Stettler, Anna-Lena ; Mayer, Heike Occurrence of pesticide residues in indoor dust of farmworker households across Europe and Argentina. AGU advances, 4 5 Wiley Berlin: Springer Spektrum In: PLPR International Association of Planning Law and Property Rights , Annual Conference. Interestingly, although place can be overcome in a certain sense via the internet, time continues to pose a problem in these transnational encounters. The intersection of the local and global conditions of surrogacy and the connections and frictions that emerge in this context are the subject of this blog piece. Corporate Social Responsibility. Middle East and Islamic Studies. Low naturalness of Swiss broadleaf forests increases their susceptibility to disturbances. Oxford University Press Komposch, Nora December Brill mentis. Verheij, Jessica Kangas, Beth. Anika König is a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for the History of Medicine and Science Studies at Lübeck University, Germany. Genderstudies 39 , pp.
